UK unveils research priorities for 1.5C climate change goal

The UK government has given its clearest sign yet of how it intends to support efforts to limit warming to 1.5C, the ambitious goal that emerged from last year’s Paris Agreement on climate change.

Carbon budgets, “negative emissions”, biodiversity, sea level rise and the Greenland ice sheet all feature in the10 new research projectsgiven the green light this week, with funding totalling £963,959.

The money will come jointly from the department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and one of UK’s biggest science funders, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The final decisions on who gets funding were announced officially this week.

Grants were awarded to seven different UK institutions: the Universities of Exeter, East Anglia, Reading and Southampton, Open University, NERC’s Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and the National Oceanography Centre. Expertise and support will also come from the Universities of Oxford, Leeds and Bristol, as co-investigators. Especially successful in pitching for money was the University of Exeter, whose scientists will host three out of the 10 projects and receive a third of the total funds available.

Funding call

The majority of scientific research in the UK is funded by the taxpayer, with NERC one the six main research councils responsible for deciding what the priorities should be and for allocating funds. NERC is specificallyresponsiblefor funding research in the environmental sciences.

In July, NERCaskedscientists to submit research proposals under the theme, “Understanding the pathways to and impacts of a 1.5C rise in global temperature”. This was a specific response to the goal set out in theParis Agreementto “pursue efforts” to limit warming to 1.5C.

To win funding, the proposals needed to tick one of two boxes, preferably both. They shouldeitherprovide the government’s independent advisors on climate and energy, the Committee on Climate Change (CCC), with evidence to underpin the UK’s carbon budgets, or feed directly into the IPCC’sspecial reporton 1.5C, due for publication in 2018.

Starting immediately and lasting only 12 months, the unusually quick turnaround for projects is partly to help make sure the results can be submitted for publication in an academic journal by October 2017 – the cut-off point to be included in the IPCC’s special report.

Winners

Applying for funding is typically very competitive. Only a fraction of proposals are successful. For NERC, the scientists need to be based in the UK, but the research can be, and usually is, global.

In total, 10 separate projects won funding. All received at least £75,000 with six projects getting the full £100,000, the maximum amount allowable under this call.

A couple of the projects aim to pin down the maximum amount of greenhouse gases we can emit and still keep the 1.5C target in our sights – a concept known as the “碳预算“.

A newprojectled byProf Pierre Friedlingsteinat the University of Exeter estimates that aroundsix yearsof current emissions would put the 1.5C target out of reach are overly pessimistic. Refining the models on which such estimates are based to better reflectrecent warming,aerosolsand carbon cycle feedbacks would extend that timeline and avoid giving the impression that the 1.5C goal is not achievable anymore, the project’s description says.

On a related note,Dr Phil Goodwinand colleagues at the University of Southampton have built a climate model that can perform millions of climate simulations, all ending up at the same 1.5C warming target, but covering a range of compatible emissions scenarios. By narrowing down the uncertainty in carbon budget calculations about how sensitive the climate is to greenhouse gases, the scientists can get a better handle on how“feasible”the 1.5C goal is in the real world.

Part of working out any carbon budget involves understanding how much of the CO2 we emit isabsorbedby plants and the oceans. AprojectbyDr Paul Halloranand colleagues at the University of Exeter says that past work projecting how much these “sinks” will shrink as the climate warms are also overly pessimistic, because they underestimate how quickly oceans absorb carbon. Precision about the size of the budget is important when it istightto begin with.

Any carbon budget has to allow for all greenhouse gases, not just CO2. A new project led byDr Gary Haymanfrom the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and involving the University of Leeds will model how much methane wetlands and permafrost will release as the climate warms. Carbon escaping from a thawing Arctic is not currently included in climate models because it’s been difficult to pin down how much there is and how quickly it will be released.

A separateprojectled by教授威廉·柯林斯from the University of Reading will look at the added climate benefits of reducing levels of methane in the atmosphere, on top of removing a powerful source of warming. Less methane would mean less ozone, a poisonous gas to plants. This would, in turn, enhance plant growth and CO2 uptake. The intention is to help policymakers judge how much to focus onmethane mitigationas well as policies that reduce CO2.

On the topic of mitigation,Prof Peter Coxfrom the University of Exeter won funding for a project weighing up the benefits and risks of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), the“negative emissions”technology thought to hold themost potential降低CO2 levels. The question the scientists want to answer is, do the knock-on effects for food and water of the amount of land needed to grow bioenergy crops outweigh any climate benefits?

Understanding how much negative emissions we’re likely to need demands, among other things, that Integrated Assessment Models more accurately reflect how quickly new technologies can be taken up in the real world. A project byDr Neil R Edwardsfrom the Open University aims to address this with a new, more realistic set of possible routes to 1.5C.

Even if we do stabilise warming at 1.5C in the long term, it will likely require overshooting the carbon budget and coming back down. But how far we allow temperatures to rise in the meantime is important because not all the impacts will be reversible.Prof Jonathan Gregory at the University of Readinghas a newprojectexamining whether a warming “threshold” exists, beyond which the collapse of theGreenland ice sheetand several metres of sea level rise is inevitable.

Prof Gregory explains more in the video below. Weaskedscientists recently how the 1.5C target is reshaping research priorities.

A separateprojectled byDr Svetlana Jevrejeva南安普顿大学的探讨了how much sea level rise we’d get with 1.5C and 2C warming, and what the differences between them would be in different parts of the world. Projections designed specifically around these two climate targets don’t currently exist even though the consequences for the 600 million people living in low-lying coastal areas are huge, the project explains.

Finally,Dr Rachel Warrenfrom the Tyndall Centre at the University of East Anglia has aprojectto explore the risk tobiodiversityfrom 1.5C of warming, and how that compares to 2C. As well as looking at the differencehalf a degreemakes, the scientists intend to look at the impact on biodiversity of striving to meet either the 1.5C or 2C target, especially if achieving it through BECCS requires turning large amount of potential habitat over to grow bioenergy crops.

NERC says all data sets “will be openly available for use by anybody without any restrictions as soon as the project has completed”. All publications in scientific journals will be open access.

Special case

Much has happened in the 12 months since the aspiration to limit warming to 1.5C was included, to many people’s surprise, in theParis Agreement.

Researchers arerespondingwith renewed vigour to the challenge, amajor conferencewas convened in Oxford last month togather expertise, and there appears to be no shortage of opinions from inside and outside scientific circles on how likely it is that we’ll achieve the 1.5C goal.

With things moving fast, all that’s needed is some new science to populate the pages of the IPCC’s much-anticipated special report.

There is, of course, already some research on 1.5C out there. NERC says the newly funded projects will build on work carried out under theAVOID2programme on emissions scenarios,BECCS2摄氏度的气候变暖的影响,例如。内华达州ertheless, the new projects given the go-ahead this week will be an important part of the UK’s contribution to the special report.