Guest post: Will China’s new renewable energy plan lead to an early emissions peak?

Chinareleasedits 14th five-year plan (FYP) for renewable energy on 1 June, outlining the country’s renewable energy roadmap for the five years 2021-2025.

This is the first sub-sector plan issued since the14FYP for a modern energy system, published earlier this year. Among all the documents that China has issued under the so-called “1+N” policy framework for enforcing its climate pledges, the energy plan and its sub-sector plan on renewable energy might be the most fundamental to China’s decarbonisation.

China’sclimate pledge(its “nationally determined contribution”, or NDC) aimed for 1,200 gigawatts (GW) of wind and solar power capacity by 2030, and for 25% of energy consumption to be met by non-fossil fuels by 2030. Achieving these goals isexpectedto ensure China’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions peak before 2030, but tofall shortof a pathway towards carbon neutrality.

Therefore, to the extent that the new 14FYP for renewables can meet or overperform on its goals, it would also contribute to China’s effort to peak carbon emissions early and help bridge the globalemission reduction gaptowards a 1.5C pathway.

What is in the renewable energy plan?

14碎“五年规划对可再生能源的previously announced vision of 25% of China’s energy coming from non-fossil sources by 2030. In order to increase the share from 15.9% in 2020 to 20% by 2025, the plan lays out a framework with a series of targets and actions.

Specifically, these cover: renewable energy production in million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce), overall and for non-electricity supplies; renewable electricity generation in terawatt hours (TWh); and renewable energy share in the grid (%), overall and for non-hydro sources. The details for each of the targets are shown in the table below.

	End of 2020 Actual	2025 target in 14FYP	2030 NDC target
Non-fossil fuel share of total energy consumption	15.9%	20%	25%
Renewable energy output	680Mtce	1,000Mtce	Wind and solar capacity 1,200GW
可再生能源(不含电力)	60Mtce	60Mtce
Renewable electricity	2,210TWh	3,300TWh
Renewable electricity share	28.8%	33%
Non-hydro renewable electricity share	11.4%	18%

Unlike renewable development plans over the past decade, the new version abandons the mandatory generation capacity increase targets, which were the focus of the previous two renewable FYPs.

For example, the13th FYP for renewable energyaimed for renewable power capacity, in total, to reach 680GW by 2020 – and for wind to reach 210GW.

But, in some respects, the new plan increases ambition. For example, it requires “newly increased renewable generation [to] make up more than 50% of the incremental electricity consumption” – in other words, that at least half of the increase in demand be covered by renewables.

Based on estimated growth in demand and the planned expansion of nuclear and hydropower, our analysis suggests that this target means generation from wind and solar would need to increase by around 150TWh annually over the 14th FYP period from 2021-2025.

This can be compared with the 100TWh annual average increase from wind and solar seen during the 13th FYP period – and the 255TWh increaserecorded during 2021.

Will China overperform its renewable targets?

China has a track record of overperforming on renewable energy development goals in the last three FYPs. Since China first included a renewable goal in its energy plan, in the 11th FYP period, most of the quantitative goals for development of the sector have seen overperformance, especially wind and solar total capacity growth targets.

This is shown in the figure below, where the wind and solar capacity targets from the 11th (2006-2010), 12th (2011-2015) and 13th FYPs (2016-2020) are shown as blue bars and China’s actual capacity growth is shown in red. The figure also shows the FYP targets for the share of total energy consumption from fossil fuels (grey line, right-hand axis) against the actual share in red.

Left axis and bars: Wind and solar capacity in China, gigawatts, according to FYP targets (blue) and actual results (red). Right axis and lines: Share of energy consumption from non-fossil fuels, %, according to targets (grey) and actual results (red). Source: iGDP analysis. Chart by Carbon Brief usingHighcharts.

The new renewable plan targets total renewable energy output of at least 1,000Mtce by 2025 – up from 680Mtce in 2020 – which means an annual increase of at least 64Mtce is needed.

To generate that much energy, based on the current energy mix, at least 100GW of wind and solar capacity needs to be added annually in the next five years. This is more than the annual increase of more than 75GW from 2021 to 2030 needed to reach China’s NDC goal of 1,200GW of wind and solar by 2030 – meaning the renewable plan islikely to leadto overperformance.

Ambitious implementation at the local level could also contribute to overperformance at the national level. Reviewing the 14th FYPs for energy development issued by each province, 23 out of 34 regions and areas have set wind and solar capacity growth targets, amounting to more than 120GW per year between 2021 to 2025.

(Analysis published by亚慱官网in May found at least 570GW of capacity set to be built during the 14FYP period, while recentpress reports苏ggest more than 150GW could be built this year.)

The economic impact of renewable investments

China is experiencing aneconomic slowdownthat has seen carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions fall forthree quarters in a row, a trend expected to deepen as a result of strict Covid lockdowns.

China’s cabinet, the State Council, issued apackage of measuresto stabilise economic performance. Premier Li Keqiang has emphasised that “China’s economy is facing greater challenges than [in] 2020”.

Nevertheless, China’s development of renewable energy is expected tocontinue soaring.

In the same week as the economic stabilisation package, the Ministry of FinancereleasedwhatReutersdescribed as “fiscal and taxation policies to support the shift towards carbon neutrality”, with support for the implementation of the 14th FYP for a modern energy system as the primary action.

Renewable energy investment has been an important economic engine in China and will play an even more significant role in boosting the economy than before, at a time when China faces the economic impact of Covid and uncertainties caused by the Ukraine crisis.

In 2021, China’s investment in clean energy took up more than 30% of the total global investment, according to theInternational Energy Agency, and this trend will continue.

Implications for the global energy transition

Cheap renewables offer an answer to climate change, the energy crisis and inequality. China’s renewable investments will contribute to rising energy output from the sector, as well as offering the potential to boost domestic and global economic growth, by driving down wind and solar cost and by creating economic opportunities in terms of manufacturing and deployment.

Havingdominated太阳能电池板市场,中国公司现在leading the global markets for electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries. Chinese companies CATL and BYD are responsible for producing the batteries for39% of the world’sEV fleet.

The Global Wind Energy Council’s 2022 report indicates that Chinarecently surpassedthe UK and Germany in offshore wind, becoming the largest offshore wind market in the world, accounting for 40% of the global total installed capacity.

According to the new 14th FYP for renewables, China has committed to building offshore power “bases” in five regions. Six coastal provinces’ energy development plans indicate a total of 32GW offshore wind capacity growth during the 14th FYP period 2021-2025, which would represent an increase of more than 60% on the 2020 level.

China’s ambitious development plan means a growing market for all offshore turbine manufacturers, of which the western companies arestill leadingthe market share.

Challenges of decarbonising the energy mix

The success of the renewable energy plan will rely heavily on building large-scalerenewable energy basesand creatingmarket mechanismsleveraging renewable energy integration to the grid.

Meanwhile, the growing penetration of wind and solar in China’s electricity mix willrequire flexible resourcesthat can balance and accommodate fluctuations in renewable output. These resources include energy storage,demand-side managementand flexible operation of fossil fuel plants.

Prioritising clean and inexpensive ways to balance renewable energy, in support of China’s climate goals, rather than the conventional fossil fuel approach that has been used in the past, will only be possible with smart policy design and appropriately designed pricing signals.

The renewable energy 14FYP includes measures promoting pumped hydro and other energy storage approaches. The National Energy Administration has alsoannouncedthat permits for new coal power plants would be issued only if the projects are苏pplementaryto renewables.

Despite all these efforts, however, there is still a risk that China’sgrowing coal capacitycould run counter to the country’s efforts to decarbonise its energy mix.