New fossil fuels ‘incompatible’ with 1.5C goal, comprehensive analysis finds

There is a “large consensus” across all published studies that developing new oil and gas fields is “incompatible” with the 1.5C target, a new report says.

The findings, from theInternational Institute for Sustainable Development(IISD), are based on a comprehensive review of all “feasible” routes to staying below 1.5C.

They echo – and, therefore, strengthen – theconclusionsof theInternational Energy Agency(IEA), which has said there are “no new oil and gas fields approved for development in our [1.5C] pathway”.

The new report comes amid a scramble for energy security afterRussia’s invasionof Ukraine. Countries, including the UK, have beenlooking to fossil fuelsto shore up their energy supplies.

Rapidly expanding technologies, such as wind and solar, would leave no space for new oil and gas extraction, according to both the IISD and IEA. Yet current investment in these technologies isfalling shortof what would be required to stay below 1.5C.

Redirecting the $570bn of annual planned new oil and gas investments could “fully finance” wind and solar expansion in line with the 1.5C target, the IISD says.

Scenario analysis

Today’s report informs policymakers, investors and companies about how to align their decisions with the aspirational 1.5C target of theParis Agreement. It is based on a comprehensive review of “pathways” that limit warming to 1.5C, created usingintegrated assessment models(IAMs).

The report explicitly spells out the implications for fossil fuel investment. This goes beyond the recentIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) report onhow to tackle climate change.

The IPCC said “greatly reduced” fossil fuel use would be “fundamental” to limiting warming. And it warned that existing fossil fuel infrastructure was already sufficient to breach the 1.5C limit.

Yet the IPCC stopped short of explicitly backing anearlier reportfrom the IEA, which had concluded: “Beyond projects already committed as of 2021, there are no new oil and gas fields approved for development in our [1.5C] pathway.”

The IEA finding wasvery widely reportedat the time and is stillcitedregularly. However, somecompaniesandgovernmentshave continued tosidestepthe findings.

These efforts attempt to minimise the implications of the 1.5C target for the fossil fuel industry. They exploit nuances and caveats aroundclimate action pathwayscreated incomputer models.

Such pathways necessarily rely on a series of assumptions about the Earth’s climate as well as future populations, economic development and technological change.

These assumptions differ between modelling groups. Moreover, there are many possible routes to reaching a given target. As such, findings from any individual pathway are open to question.

Today’s new report significantly squeezes the space for question marks by showing that the IEA was not an outlier. It says there is a “large consensus across multiple modelled climate energy pathways” that “developing…new oil and gas fields is incompatible with limiting warming to 1.5C”.

‘Feasible’ routes

The report reviews all published, “feasible” routes to staying below 1.5C with at least 50% likelihood. It then explores what these routes show for new oil and gas expansion.

It looks at pathways assessed by the IPCC and those from the IEA, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and private-sector organisations, such as BP.

Specifically, the report takes the97 scenariosthat limit warming to 1.5C with “no or limited overshoot”, categorised as “C1” in the IPCC report.

These scenarios are then checked against “feasibility” thresholds from the IPCC report. For example, the IPCC said there were “medium levels of concern” over capturing more than 3bn tonnes of carbon dioxide (GtCO2) per year with carbon capture and storage (CCS).

The review excludes scenarios exceeding the “medium” feasibility thresholds for the scaling up of fossil fuel CCS, bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) andafforestation or reforestation. This leaves 26 pathways from the IPCC report that feasibly limit warming to 1.5C.

(The IISD did not filter for feasibility dimensions relating to wind and solar scale up, energy efficiency improvements or institutional barriers, lead authorOlivier Bois von Kursktells Carbon Brief.)

The dark blue line in the figure below shows CO2 emissions from burning oil and gas in the median of the IPCC 1.5C scenarios. This is compared with the IEA’s 1.5C pathway (“NZE”, purple).

By 2030, combined emissions from oil and gas decline by 15% and 29% in the IEA and IPCC scenarios, respectively. By 2050, they decline by 65% and 68%, respectively.

下一步是比较这些途径和the expected emissions from burning oil and gas from existing fields (dark grey area, below) and those already under development (light grey).

图中显示这些现有的和under-development fields are sufficient to meet demand for oil and gas, if the world follows a 1.5C pathway. Consequently, there would be no space for oil and gas from developing new fields (pink) or from new exploration in licensed reserves (red).

The IISD report also looks at 1.5C pathways developed by IRENA, oil firm BP, the consultancies BloombergNEF, DNV and Navigant, and the University of Technology Sydney.

These pathways are shown as coloured lines on the figure below, against the same shaded areas for emissions from existing and new oil and gas fields. The figure also includes some of the individual scenarios from the IPCC report, namely “IMP-REN” and “IMP-LD”.

Once again, the figure shows production from existing fields, or those under development, is sufficient to meet demand in the large majority of 1.5C scenarios.

In a few pathways, such as that from BP, oil and gas demand rises above the output expected from existing fields in earlier years. However, Bois von Kursk notes that oil and gas use in 2050 then drops below the output expected from existing fields. This means any new developments brought online to meet demand in the short term risk becoming “stranded assets” later on, he says.

Caveat emptor

The question of “stranded assets” highlights one of the challenges with using model scenarios to inform decision making. It also points to some caveats around the report’s findings.

Model pathways aretypically designedto minimise costs or maximise economic “welfare”. This depends on assumptions, including future fossil fuel and technology prices. The models also tend to assume perfectly rational action and “perfect foresight” over the optimal path to the goal.

To illustrate the problem with translating model results into real-world implications, consider the following example. If the world built hundreds of new coal power plants tomorrow, but never switched them on, it would, at least in theory, have no impact on progress towards the 1.5C target.

The coal plants would not generate electricity or emissions, beyond those from construction. It would have been a large waste of money and the coal plants would become stranded assets.

On the other hand, the companies that built the plants might apply political pressure to ensure they could, after all, operate them profitably. This would create the risk of fossil fuel emissions “lock in”. These sorts of dynamics are not easily captured by models of the climate and economy.

Returning to the IISD report, it concludes that developing new oil and gas fields would be “incompatible” with 1.5C. This is not quite true, as the report itself explains.

The IISD report says it is possible that new oil and gas could be compatible with 1.5C, if old fields were also retired early. Bois von Kursk tells Carbon Brief this is rare, however:

“Early closure of fields already in production are extremely rare and we don’t see that happening unless the economics becomes unfavourable for fields with high extraction costs. Accordingly, since fields are almost never closed before the end of their economic lifetime, we advocate for preventing any new fields from opening up to avoid stranded assets or the risk of busting thecarbon budgetfor 1.5C.”

More fundamentally, the energy from new oil and gas development would be needed to meet rising global demand unless alternative energy sources are available in sufficient quantities.

As the report notes, wind and solar are not currently expanding quickly enough for 1.5C. Similarly, the IEA said low-carbon energy investmentneeded to tripleto get on track.

The IISD says the annual wind and solar investment gap, between expected growth and what would be needed for 1.5C, will reach $450bn by 2030. The report also says investments in new oil and gas fields are expected to reach $570bn per year by 2030. Redirecting these oil and gas investments would “fully finance” the scale up of wind and solar, it says.

Is stopping the development of new fossil fuel sources a precondition for meeting 1.5C, or would a sufficient rise in alternative energy sources render new oil and gas fields unnecessary?

This is an important distinction, explained byChristophe McGlade, head of the IEA energy supply unit, in a recentEnergy Transition Showpodcast. The answer cannot be found in models.

Instead, this is a political question. There is a growing movement amongacademics, campaigners and somegovernmentsto actively tacklefossil fuel supply.

The Chinese government, on the other hand, haseffectively提高低碳能源precondition for the phasing out of fossil fuels, with its president Xi Jinpingrecently repeatinghis instruction to “build[] the new before discarding the old”.