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Four massive cooling towers at the Ferrybridge C coal fired power station are destroyed in a controlled explosion. Ferrybridge, near Leeds, UK. 13 October 2019. Credit: Ian Wray / Alamy Stock Photo
Four cooling towers at the Ferrybridge C coal fired power station are destroyed in a controlled explosion. Ferrybridge, near Leeds, UK. 13 October 2019. Credit: Ian Wray / Alamy Stock Photo
UK EMISSIONS
28 April 20207:51

Analysis: Great Britain hits coal-free electricity record amid coronavirus lockdown

Simon Evans

04.28.20

Simon Evans

28.04.2020 | 7:51am
UK emissions Analysis: Great Britain hits coal-free electricity record amid coronavirus lockdown

Update 11 May 2020:The record coal-free stretch has now passedone monthand counting.

Great Britain has run for a new record of 18 days, six hours and 15 minutes without burning coal to generate electricity – and counting – as the coronavirus lockdown cuts demand by nearly 20%.

This combination means CO2 emissions from the country’s electricity system have been cut by a third during the coal-free stretch relative to the same period last year, Carbon Brief analysis shows.

During the record-breaking period, demand has been 18% lower than last year, as businesses around the country are closed due to the coronavirus response.

Renewables have been the largest source of electricity, supplying 37%, with another 32% from gas and 22% from nuclear. The remaining 9% has been imported from France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

The figures are in stark contrast to 2012 – the earliest available detailed data – when coal supplied some 43% of the total for Great Britain, another 26% was from gas and just 7% was from renewables.

Coal-free record

Back in 2016, just before midnight on 9 May, Great Britain’s electricity system ran without coal-fired power stations for the first time since a public grid had beenestablished in 1882. After some four hours of coal-free operation, one of the country’s remaining coal plants switched back on.

Just under a year later, the grid ran coal-free for afull 24-hour periodthat ended on 21 April 2017. Thefirst coal-free weekin early May last year was quickly followed by afirst fortnight, which went on to set the current record coal-free run of 18 days, six hours and ten minutes.

Early this morning, Tuesday 28 April, a new record was set at 18 days, six hours and 15 minutes – and counting. Great Britain’s coal plants switched off at 23:45 on Thursday 9 April, just before the Easter long weekend, and have not resumed operation as of 06:00 today.

这个新纪录简史coal-free stretch is shown in the animation, below.

The use of coal to generate electricity has been plummeting and is down from a 40% share of UK supplies in 2012 to 25% in 2015 and 2% last year. There are several reasons for this decline.

Chief among these issteadily falling electricity demandand a huge increase inrenewable generation. Another important factor is the UK’s top-up carbon tax, known as the “carbon price support”, which was introduced in 2013 andreached £18 per tonne of CO2in April 2015.

This rapid decline can be seen in the chart, below, showing daily average electricity output from coal-fired power stations in Great Britain. As a result of this trend, almost all of the UK’s coal plants haveclosed in recent years, well ahead of a deadline tophase out the fuel by 2024.

Daily average electricity output at coal-fired power stations in Great Britain, megawatts, from 2012-2020 to date. Source: Carbon Brief analysis of data from BM Reports. Chart by Carbon Brief usingHighcharts.

Most recently, Aberthaw B in south Wales and Fiddler’s Ferry in Cheshireclosed at the end of March 2020, leaving just three plants operational in Great Britain – Drax, Ratcliffe, West Burton – along with one more, Kilroot, in Northern Ireland.

Whereas more than two-thirds of electricity supplies in 2012 had come from fossil fuels, including more than two-fifths from coal and another quarter from gas, Great Britain now gets comfortably more than half of its electricity from low-carbon supplies, as the table below shows.

Record stretch Same period in 2019 2020 to date In 2012
Coal 0% 1% 3% 43%
Gas 31% 41% 32% 26%
Nuclear 22% 21% 18% 21%
Imports 9% 7% 8% 3%
Biomass 8% 5% 7% 1%
17% 17% 25% 4%
Solar 9% 7% 4% 0%
Hydro 2% 1% 3% 2%
Other 1% 0% 0% 0%
Fossil 32% 42% 36% 69%
Renewable 37% 30% 38% 7%
Low-carbon 59% 51% 55% 27%
Carbon intensity

(gCO2/kWh)
160 199 186 508
Average daily demand 24,858 30,069 31,318 36,116

In 2020 to date, barely more than a third of electricity in Great Britain came from fossil fuels, of which the vast majority was from gas. (Note that gas-fired electricity generation has also fallen relative to levels in 2010 – fossil fuels have been replaced by lower demand and renewables.)

Lockdown low

One contributor to the current situation is the ongoingcoronavirus crisis, with countries around the worldlocking downtheir economies in a bid to control the spread of cases and stem the loss of life.

On 23 March, strict controls were introduced on daily life in the UK, forcing many businesses to close their doors. As in other countries implementing such measures, electricity demand has fallen.

Hourly demand for electricity in 2020 (red lines in the chart, below) has been generally lower than in either of the previous two years (2018, grey, and 2019, blue), in part due to awarm winter. Even so, the chart shows a marked reduction in demand starting in late March and persisting ever since.

Hourly electricity demand in Great Britain, megawatts, in 2018-2020 to date. Source: Carbon Brief analysis of data from BM Reports. Chart by Carbon Brief usingHighcharts.

In the month of April 2020 to date, Carbon Brief analysis shows that electricity demand has been 18% lower than in the same period last year – and 21% below the average for the past five years.

与dema公司nd being so much lower than usual, gas generation has also been lower than last year – down some 37% on 2019 levels – despite the grid being coal-free throughout the period.

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This means that CO2 emissions from electricity generation in Great Britain this April to date are down 34% compared to the same period in 2019 – and 51% below the five-year average.

Renewables reign

During the record coal-free run itself, as of 06:00 on 28 April, the largest source of electricity supplies in Great Britain was renewables, meeting 37% of demand. Gas accounted for 31% and nuclear another 22%, with imports from France, Belgium and the Netherlands at 9%.

The hourly contribution from each fuel is shown in the chart, below, which also illustrates the daily cycle of reduced demand at night and peaks in solar output (yellow) during daylight hours.

Hourly electricity generation in Great Britain, by fuel, during the record-breaking coal-free run from 9-28 April. Source: Carbon Brief analysis of data fromBM Reports. Chart by Carbon Brief usingHighcharts.

Note that when Great Britain is exporting electricity to other countries rather than importing it as usual, the nuclear part of the chart (purple) appears to dip below zero. These dips tend to be in windy periods when Great Britain’s windfarms are generating large amounts of electricity.

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